Fluid & electrolytes imbalance

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance:

Definition :-

Fluid and electrolyte imbalance refers to disruptions in the proper balance of fluids and essential minerals (electrolytes) in the body. This can occur due to various factors such as inadequate intake, excessive loss (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea), or certain medical conditions.

Hyponatremia:

Hyponatremia is a condition characterized by low levels of sodium Below to 135 mEq/L in the blood.

causes

• excessive sweating, 
• diuretic use
• kidney disorders
• certain medications 

Symptoms 

• nausea, 
• headache
• confusion 
• muscle cramps. 

Hypernatremia:

Hypernatremia is the opposite, where there is a high level of sodium above 145mEq/Lin the blood. 

Causes 

• dehydration, 
• diabetes insipidus, 
• inadequate water intake. 

Symptoms 

• extreme thirst, 
• dry mouth, 
• confusion, 
• seizures. 

Hypokalemia:

Hypokalemia refers to low potassium levels below 3.5 mEq/L in the blood. 

caused

• diuretic use, 
• vomiting, 
•  certain kidney disorders. 

Symptoms 

• muscle weakness, 
• irregular heartbeats, 
•  fatigue. 

Hyperkalemia:

Hyperkalemia is the opposite, where there is a high level of potassium above 5mEq/Lin the blood. 

Causes  

• kidney dysfunction,
• certain medications, 
• severe tissue injury. 

Symptoms 

• muscle weakness, 
• palpitations,  
• life-threatening heart arrhythmias. 

Hypercalcemia:

Hypercalcemia is a condition marked by high calcium levels in the blood. 

causes 

• hyperparathyroidism, 
• certain cancers, 
•  excessive vitamin D intake.

 Symptoms 

•  constipation, 
•  kidney stones, 
• confusion, 
•  bone pain. 

Hypocalcemia:

Hypocalcemia is the opposite, where there is low calcium in the blood.

 Causes

• vitamin D deficiency, 
• hypoparathyroidism, 
• certain medications. 

Symptoms  

• muscle cramps,
•  tingling in extremities, 
•  seizures.